Three-Dimensional Elastic Finite Element Study of the Skid Resistance of Grooved Pavement

A three-dimensional finite element model has been developed to simulate the sliding of a rubber block over a grooved road surface. The model makes use of the symmetries of the problem to simplify the analysis, so that two-dimensional isoparametric elements of both rectangular and triangular configuration have been extended into the third dimension. A procedure for analysing the behaviour of any one groove to groove unit of the pavement is also developed, and this is extended so that the contact between the sliding rubber block and the leading edge of each raised pavement section is analysed. Preliminary comparisons between theoretical calculations and experimental measurements indicate that the finite element procedure provides an accurate and economical estimate of the behaviour of the rubber slider as it is pressed into a grooved pavement. Elastic predictions of sliding resistance seem reasonable at low sliding speeds, but viscoelastic rubber analysis appears necessary if higher speed skid resistance is to be predicted.